Distributor construction



y 7, 1957 sis BAKER 2,791,649

DISTRIBUTOR CONSTRUCTION Filed July so, 1954 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 INVENTOR.

38 Q4 0904 flag/aux M y 7, 1957 s. c. BAKER 2,791,649

DISTRIBUTOR CONSTRUCTION Filed July 50, 1954 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 UnitedStates Patent DISTRIBUTOR CONSTRUCTION Stephen C. Baker, NorthRiverside, Ill. Application July 30, 1954, Serial No. 446,731

12 Claims. (Cl. 200-30) This invention is concerned with ignitionsystems for gasoline engines and the like, and more particularly with animproved distributor construction.

It is Well recognized that a hot spark, i. e. one of h gh energycontent, at the spark plugs of a gasoline eng ne is highly desirable. Ahot spark improves acceleration and gasoline mileage, and alsomaterially improves starting in cold weather. Generally, it also leadsto less fouling of the spark plugs and of the combustion chamber. Itfurther insures complete combustion and thereby precludes backfiring inthe exhaust system and prevents condensation of gasoline on the cylinderwalls which tends to wash lubricant from the cylinder walls to increasewear on the pistons, piston rings, and cylinder walls.

In substantially all automobile and similar gasoline engines today, thespark at a spark plug is produced by a distributor and a high voltagecoil. Breaker points serve to connect the automobile battery to theprimary of a step-up transformer, and the breaker points are openedperiodically by a cam driven from the engine to cause the magnetic fieldestablished by the current flowing through the primary to collapse,thereby generating a high potential in the secondary. This highpotential is distributed in proper sequence to the various spark plugsof the engine by means of a rotor and distributing contacts in thedistributor. The more cylinders there are in an engine, the more oftenthe breaker points have to open for a given engine speed. Thus, the timebetween opening or breaking of the points is reduced with increase inthe number of cylinders, and as a result there is little time forsaturation of the core of the transformer or ignition coil.Consequently, the higher engine speeds and the six and eight cylinderengines, particularly the latter, used almost exclusively in automobilesproduced in the United States allow little time for core saturation, andthis time decreases with increasing road speeds and the correspondinggreater engine speeds. Thus, modern engines have a tendency to produce aweak spark, and this tendency increases with speed, thus robbing theengine of high speed performance. The cams for operating the distributorbreaker points are of hexagonal and octagonal construction, respectivelyhaving six and eight lobes in accordance with the number of cylinders ofthe engine. When the cam follower rides on one of the flats of such acam, the ignition coil core is allowed to saturate to a greater orlesser extent. Accordingly, the core saturation period i generallyreferred to as dwell time. Holding tolerances to extreme precision, themaximum dwell period which can be attained with conventionalconstruction for an eight cylinder engine is about 80 percent.

The more rapidly the current is cut oil in the primary of the coil, themore rapidly the magnetic field collapses, and hence the greater is thevoltage induced in the secondary, and the hotter is the spark. Theadjacent faces of an eight lobe cam as used with eight cylinder enginesare positioned at 135 relative to one another, while 2,791,649 PatentedMay 7, 1957 2 those of a six lobe cam are at only a slightly sharperangle. Thus, the lobes are rather broad and the points cannot beopenedas quickly as is desirable. As a result, the spark is not nearlyas hot as it should be.

Furthermore, the cams are universally mounted radially inwardly of thebreaker points relative to the distributor shaft, and the linear speedof the cam surface is quite limited, thus further limiting the speedwith which the breaker points can be opened. This places a further limiton the hotness of the spark.

It is an object of this invention to provide a distributor producing ahotter spark than heretofore thought possible for multicylinder highspeed engines.

A further object of this invention is to provide a distributor forrnulticylinder engines providing a greater percentage of dwell time fora given number of cylinders than heretofore thought possible.

A further object of this invention is to provide a distributor forbreaking or opening the breaker points with extreme rapidity to producea hot spark.

It is a further object of this invention to provide a distributorutilizing a plurality of arcuately spaced rollers rather than the usualcam for opening the breaker points.

It is a further object of this invention to provide a distributorwherein the contact breaking means rotates around the outside of thebreaker points thereby providing a higher linear speed to the breakingmeans for any given speed of rotation.

More specifically, it is an object to provide a distributor having acage comprising a large number of rollers corresponding in number to thecylinders of an engine and rotating radially outwardly of the breakerpoints.

Yet another object of this invention is to provide a distributorconstruction as contemplated by the foregoing objects in combinationwith a breaker point construction having remarkably low inertia tofacilitate rapid opening and closing of the points by the structureheretofore outlined.

In accordance with the foregoing objects, the distributor hereinafter tobe described utilizes a set of breaker points mounted on a breaker platefully compensated for spark advance in accordance with enginerequirements by means of both centrifugal and vacuum advance. The movingparts of the breaker points are small in size and weight so as to haveminimum inertia, and the cage carrying a plurality of rollers determinedin accordance with the number of cylinders of the engine, viz. eightrollers for an eight cylinder engine, periodically to open the breakerpoints in proper timed relation with the rotation of the engine. Onetrouble heretofore not mentioned which has plagued high speed operationof modern engines is breaker point float. The inertia of most breakerpoints causes the cam followers associated therewith to leave theirrespective cams at high speeds. As a result, the points do not recloseas soon as they should, the dwell time is decreased, and the spark isweakened. The small size and low inertia of my breaker points minimizefloating. Floating also can be minimized by decreasing the breaker pointgap, i. e. the maximum distance which the points separate when open.However, with conventional breaker points decreasing the gap below acertain minimum causes the points to burn up with rapidity. Metal iscarried by the are associated with breaking from one of the contactpoints to the other, thus causing pitting of the first contact point andbuilding up of material on the second contact point. The metal isoxidized as it is carried by the arc, and since the oxide of the metalhas a larger volume than the metal itself, the build-up on the secondcontact point is more rapid than the formation of the pit in the firstcontact point.

in my copending application Serial No. 400,175, filed have disclosed abreaker point construction wherein the points are eccentric relative toone another and one of the points is rotated eccentrically from time totime to bring fresh contacting surfaces into engagement. This permits amuch closer setting of the breaker gap than is possible with priorconstructions.

' According, it is yet another object of this invention to provide adistributor construction as heretofore outlined in combination withbreaker points one of which is ec centrically'rotatable about the axisof the other to' enable anextremely close gap to be set, therebyreducing float to an absolute minim-um; 7

With the construction heretofore outlined I havebeen able to obtain adwell time of approximately 92 percent as against the previous maximumof percent, and to obtain a breaking action more than three times thestand ard speed. "A constant, hot spark is maintained through thefullrange of e ngine speeds, and the life 9f the breaker points is"materially extended. A manufacturing, advantage is obtained byplacingthe contact breaking means radially outwardly of the paints. Arnaxirnumradius forlthe breakingmeans thus is obtained fQI'QQY iYQn sizeof distributor, and maniifactur'ing tolerances can be made much greaterinasmuch as anyvariation on an absolute scale will be much lesspercentagewise. with the larger'a'dius'.

"Other andfurther objects and advantages of the. present inv ention willbe apparent from the following description when taken in connection withthe accompanying drawings wherein: V l

"Fig'fl is a top view of a distributor constructed in accordance withthe principles of my invention, the distributor cap and a sealing platethereunder being removed fer purp'osesl of illustration;

"'Fig." Z'isa horizontal sectional view on an enlarged scale'of aportion of the breaker point opening means as taken along the line 2 2of Fig. 4;

' Fig. 3 is a perspectixje view of the structure shown in section inFig. 2; i

Fig. 4is a vertical sectional viewthrough the distributort'akensubstantially along the line 4--4 in Fig.1;

i Fig. 5 is a view generally similar to Fig. .1 withthe pa r'tsin'adiiferent position of operation;

Fig. 6 is a vertical sectional view taken generally along the line (s- 6or Fig. 5;

"'Fig'f 7 is a fragmentary perspective view of the breaker pointmechanism; 4

FigTBis a vertical sectionalview throughthe breaker point'rnec hanism astakensubstantially along the line & 5

Fig.9 isa fragmentary, exploded perspective view of the'piyot of thebreaker pfoint mechanism; and

Eig. it) is a cross-sectional view showing the mounting of smile of thebreaker point mechanism as taken sub stantially along the line 10-10 inFig. 6.

. Referring now in greater particularity to the drawings, therewill beseen a distributor 20 constructed in accord ance .with th principles ofmy invention and comprising a body or housing '22 of steel or othersuitable material and preferably provided with circumferential fins 24for heattransfer to maintain the interior of the'distributor cool, andfurther to improve the appearance of tributor. The distributor body isgenerally cup shaped in accordance with conventional practicefhaving a cylindrical hollow interior 26. 'A sleeve 28 which prefer; ably isintegral with the bottom 3t) of the distributor body extends axiallydownward from the distributor body l and is provided with sleevebearings 32 whichimay be of the permanently lubricated, porous bronzevariety. The sleeve bearings rotatably journal adistributor sliaft 34.

The bottom 30, provided with 'arcuately spaced breathing ports 36, andthe outer ends ofthese ports pref; erably are closed off .by a suitablematerialisuch as felt 38 topreclude the entrance ofdir't and the likewhile allowing breathing.

The top of the distributor body is provided along its inner edge with arecess or shoulder 40 on which an insulating plate 42 seats. The plate42 may be provided with suitable projections or other means (not shown)extending upwardly from its surface for simplifying retraction thereof.The usual insulating distributor cap 44 seats on top of the body 22 andis held thereon in accordance with conventional practice by a pair ofspring clips (not shown). The distributor cap is provided with aplurality of contacts 46, there'being eight such contacts in theexemplary embodiment, and with a central contact 48 of graphite orcarbon and pressed lightly by a compression spring (not shown).

A rotor 50 of molded plastic or other suitable insulating material ismounted on the upper end of the distributor shaft 34 above the plate 32and beneath the cap 44 being fixed against rotation on the shaft by anyknown or suitable means such as cooperating flats on the shaft and inthe rotor. A radially disposed contact bar 52 is riveted or otherwisesuitably secured to the top of the rotor and is in constant engagementwith the centralcontact 48 moving from cooperative engagement from oneto another of the arcuately spaced contacts 46 in accordance withrotation of the engine.

A contact actuating member or cage 54 is provided with an integraldownwardly extending boss 56 and with an integral upwardly extendingsleeve 58, the boss and sleeve being provided with a continuouscylindrical opening receiving the distributor shaft 34. The cage isarcuately rockable on the distributor shaft, but does not rotatecontinuously thereon and no anti-friction means or sleeve bearing isnecessary for mounting the cage on the shaft. The boss 56 extends downinto a centrifugal advance mechanism 58 of conventional construction andrests on a shoulder (not shown) of the distributor shaft 34', the lowerend of the shaft being of larger diameter than the upper end.

, Theupper face of the bottom section or wall 30 of the distributor bodyhas an annular recess 60 providing a shallow central boss 62. Ananti-friction washer 64 of any suitable material such as nylon rests ontop of the boss 62 and on top of the sleeve bearing 32, the centrifugaladvance mechanism 58 resting on top of this washer. The centrifugaladvance mechanism 58 may be of any suitable or well-known designincluding weights pivotally mounted on a frame attached to thedistributor shaft and spring urged inwardly. With increasing enginespeed and with correspondingly increasing distributor shaft speed, theseweights' flyoutwardly against the action of their springs, and pins 66extending upwardly therefrom into anintegral radial plate 68 of the cageserve to advance the plate arcuately with respect to the distributorshaft 34 for spark advance at'hig'her speeds.

The cage' 54 is provided with an upstanding peripheral flange 70.This'flange, as best may be seen in Figs. 1-4, is provided with eightopenings or recesses 72 preferably cut into the flange'from the outsidethereof, leaving a continuous upper band'74 and a rim 76 upstanding fromthe plate 68. The cage could be made in several parts, but it preferablyis machined from a single piece, thereby insuring concentricity withaccompanying proper balance and spacing relative to the breaker pointmechanism shortly to be described. The cage preferably is formedofaluminum to simplify machining, and to hold down mass and inertiawhereby slight manufacturing tolerances will not produce excessiveeccentric masses to cau e vibration, and whereby the centrifugal advancemechanism more readily will advance or retard the cage without time lag.The recesses or openings 72'are determined in accordance with the numberof cylinders of the engine, there being eight such recesses intheexemplary embodiment. Metal pins 78 extend vertically through eachrecess from the rim 76 to the band 74, and rollers 80 are 'rotatablymounted thereon. The rollers preferably emu...

are made of nylon due to its light weight, physical strength andresistance to abrasion and self-lubricating properties. The rollersextend inwardly beyond the peripheral flange or wall 70 for engaging abreaker point mechanism as hereinafter will be described. It will beobserve-d in the illustrative example of this invention that there areeight such rollers 80.

An anti-friction bearing such as a roller bearing 82 is journaled on theupstanding sleeve 58 of the cage and is held thereon by a snap ring 84fitting in a suitable annular recess in the sleeve. The bearing 82 hasjournaled thereon an upstanding hub 86 welded or otherwise suitablysecured to or formed integral with a breaker plate 88.

An arcuate mounting member or plate 90 (see particularly Figs. -7) isheld on the plate 88 by means of screws 92 passing through elongatedslots 94 in the mounting member 90 and threaded into the plate 88,thereby providing for adjustment of the mounting member. A bracket 96 iscarried on the mounting member 90 and is secured thereto by anydesirable means such as screws or rivets 98 and suitable insulatingplates 100. The bracket 96 is provided with an upstanding flange 102 onwhich there is mounted by means of a rivet 104 or the like a leaf spring106. The flange 102 has an angularly disposed extending end or pivotplate 108 having a transverse groove 110 therein. The groovecommunicates with a slot 111 (Fig. 9) through the pivot plate.

A rocker arm 112 of sheet metal construction is arranged with its planeperpendicular to that of the pivot plate 108, and a wire hook 114extends from the forward portion of the arm as at 116 to the end of theleaf spring 106 as at 118.

The rocker arm is provided intermediate its ends with a right angularlydisposed pivot comprising a sheet 118 perpendicular to the arm andhaving a transverse knife edge 120 fitting in the groove 110 forpivotally mounting the arm. An extending tip 121 (Figs. 1, 5, and 9)extends through the slot communicating with the pivot groove 110 to forman electrical terminal. A central portion of the sheet 118 continuesback over the rear end of the arm as at 122, thereby providing a camfollower which is rigid and which is sufficiently wide to avoid cuttinginto the nylon rollers 80. It will be observed that the cam followersection presents a rather sharp shoulder engageable with the rollers 80as best may be seen in Figs. 1 and '5 for rocking the arm 112 withextreme rapidity when the cam follower 122 engages one of the rollers80. The rocker arm is completed by an ignition or breaker point 124.

The plate 88 is provided with an upturned flange or tab 126 aligned withthe breaker point or contact 124, part of the plate 88 being cut away inthe vicinity of the pivot plate 108 and the rocker arm 112 to provideclearance therefor. A breaker point 128 is eccentrically mounted on arotary in the flange or tab 126, and a ratchet wheel 132 having crownteeth 134 thereon is aflixed to the rotary mounting member 130concentrically therewith.

The breaker points 124 and 128 hereinafter will be referred to asrelatively movable and relatively fixed breaker points by analogy withthe corresponding points of conventional construction.

A post 134 is provided with a reduced top portion or pin 136 on whichthere is pivotally mounted an arm 138, a washer 140 or the like beingwelded or otherwise secured on the pin 136 to hold the arm 138 flatly,but pivotally, on top of the post 134.

A second post 142 is spaced from the first and has a reduced diameterupper end portion 144 projecting upwardly therefrom, the reduceddiameter portion having a circumferential groove 146 therein. A hairpinspring 148 has it bight curled around a pin 150 fixed on the arm 138with one of the legs 152 of the spring engaging in the groove 146 of thereduced diameter portion 144 on the inside thereof, and with the otherleg 154 having a member 130 (Figs. 7 and 8) journaled curled over tip156 embracing the outer edge of the arm 154 to bias the arm inwardly.The reduced upper end 144 fits through a transversely elongated slot 158in the arm to allow pivoting of the arm about the pin 136, and thespring normally biases the arm inwardly to hold a lateral projection orstop 160 thereon against the hub 86.

A pawl 162 is pivotally mounted on the outer end of the arm 138 by meansof a pin 164, and a spring 166 (Fig. 8) coiled around this pin bearsagainst the arm and against the depending flange 168 on the pawl to urgethis flange against the teeth of the ratchet 132.

The distributor 20 is provided with the familiar vacuum fitting 170secured by means such as a screw 172 to the outside of the distributorbody and connected by means such as a vacuum line 174 to the carburetoror intake manifold in accordance with conventional practice. Thefitting, as is well known, incorporates a flexible dia' phragm springurged toward the distributor and vacuum urged away from the distributor.An arm 176 extends from the diaphragm through a suitable slot 178 (Fig.4) into the distributor housing. A hole in the arm pivotally receivesthe pin 136 as may be seen in Figs. 1 and 5, while the extending end ofthe arm is provided with a transversely elongated slot 180 pivotally andslidably receiving the pin 150. Thus, the spring normally forces thedistributor plate 88 to the position shown in Fig. 1. Simultaneously,the arm or link 176 forces the arm 138 in a counterclockwise directionaway from the hub 86, thus retracting the pawl flange 168 across theteeth 134 of the ratchet wheel 132. Each time vacuum is increased in thecarburetor or intake manifold by increased engine demands, the link 176is retracted to the position shown in Fig. 5, thus rocking the breakerplate 88 to advance the spark, and simultaneously allowing the hairpinspring 148 which was cooked in the position of Fig. 1 to pivot the arm138 to cause the pawl flange 168 to rotate the ratchet wheel 132,thereby presenting a fresh surface of the relatively fixed contact 128for engagement by the relatively movable contact or breaker point 124.Actuation of the ratchet wheel under the influence of the spring 148 ispreferable to actuation by a direct physical force as the relativelyfixed contact point when spring moved will generally rotateeccentrically only when the breaker points are broken or out ofengagement, thus avoiding sliding or scraping of the surfaces togetherwith attendant wear.

The relatively fixed contact or breaker point 128 is grounded as will beunderstood. The relatively movable point is insulated from ground by theinsulating means mounting the bracket 96. A flexible lead 182 (Figs. 1and 5) extends from the projecting terminal 121 of the rocker arm pivotto an insulated connector 184 connected to a screw 186 passing outthrough an insulated sleeve in the side of the distributor body andconnected by means of a wire 188 to the high side of a condenser 190mounted on and thereby grounded to the distributor body. A nut 192 onthe screw 186 holds the wire 188 on the screw, and it will beappreciated that this nut also will hold the lead running from the lowtension coil of the ignition transformer.

It now will be seen that the distributor herein shown and describedmeets the objects of the invention. The nylon rollers coupled with thesharply rounded cam follower of the breaker points effects extremelyrapid opening and closing of the breaker points with a higher percentageof dwell time than heretofore thought possible with engines with asubstantial number of cylinders, such as six, eight, or more. Theplacement of the rollers radially outwardly of the breaker pointsprovides a higher linear speed for the rollers than has been possiblewith the centrally disposed cams heretofore used, thus contributing tothe rapid making and breaking of the points, and this dispositionfurther serves to minimize manufac turing errors percentagewise. Thelight weight of the breaker or rocker arm combined with the centralpivot thereof renders the arm capable of extremely rapid movementand'tends to eliminate floating at high speeds. Bloating further isminimized or. eliminated by the short movementof therockerarm, andmovement of the rocker arm is .kept ata minimum by use of theeccentrically rotatable'breaker' pointswhich allow a closer gap settingsmaller than that heretofore thought possible.

Various changes in structure from the exemplaryembodirnenti'hereinshownand described will no doubt occur to thoseskilled .in theart and are to be considered as form-ing apart of myinvention insofar as they fall within the spirit and scope of theappended claims.

I claim:

- 1. Adistributor constructioncomprising a distributor housing, adistributor shaft rotatable in said housing, a breaker. plate mounted insaid housing about'said shaft and limited in arcuate movement about saidshaft, a breaker. .point structure mounted on said breaker plate andincluding a follower for effecting breaking of the points of saidstructure, a substantial number of rollers, and means on saiddistributor shaft carrying said substantialnumber of rollers inarcuately spaced relation outwardly of'the breaker point structure forplanetary movement with said shaft and engageable with said follower forquickly making and breaking the points of said breaker. point structure.

2. A distributor construction comprising a distributor housing, adistributor shaft rotatable in said housing, a breaker plate mounted insaid housing about said shaft and limited in arcuate movement about saidshaft, a breakerpointstructure mounted on said breaker plate andincluding. a follower for effecting breaking of the points of said.structure, a substantial number of follower engaging members, and meanson said distributor shaft mounting said members r ally outwardly of thebreaker point structure. and in arc .tely spaced relation and rotarywith said shaft successively to engage said follower to effect rap-idmaking and breaking of the points of said structure.

'3. A distributor construction as set forth in claim 2 wherein thefollower engaging members comprise a substantial number of rollers.

4. A distributor construction as set forth in claim 3 wherein therollers are made of nylon.

5. A distributor construction comprising a distributor body, adistributor shaftrotatable in said bady, a breaker plate in said bodyaround said shaft and limited in arcuate movement about said shaft, abreaker point structure on said plate andincluding a pair of breakerpoints and a rocker arm, one of said points being mounted on said rockerarm, and said rocker'arm having a foliower, a cagecarriedbysaiddistributor shaft and rotatable therewith, said cage including acylindrical wall having a pinrality of arcuately'spaced openingstherein, and a pinrality ofrollers carried by said cage in said openingssubstantially parallel to said distributor shaft and concentricthereabout, said rollers projecting at least in part into positionsuccessively to engage said follower for making and breaking saidpoints.

.6; A distributor construction comprising a distributor body, adistributor shaft rotatable in said body, a breaker plate carried insaid body about said shaft and limited in arcuate movement about saidshaft, a rocker arm pivotally mounted from said plate and having afollower and a relatively movable breaker point thereon, arelatively-fixed breaker point carried from said plate in opposition tosaid relative movable breaker point and eccentrically movable about theaxis of said relatively movable breaker point, means including resilientmeans for eccentrically rotating the relatively fixed breaker point fromtime to time, means for cocking said resilient means to rotate saidrelatively fixed breaker point eccentrically, and means carried by saiddistributor shaft and periodically engageable with said follower-formaking and breaking said points.

7. A distributor construction as set forth in claim 6 wherein the meanson the distributor shaft for engaging the follower comprises a pluralityof arcuately spaced members positioned outwardly from the breaker pointsradially of the distributor body and rotating as a unit with thedistributor shaft.

8. A distributor construction as set forth in claim 7 wherein themembers comprise rollers.

9. A distributor construction comprising a distributor housing, adistributor shaft rotatable therein, a distributor plate mounted aboutsaid shaft in said housing and rotatable relative to said housing, saiddistributor shaft being rotatable relative to said breaker plate, arocker arm, means rockably mounting said rocker arm on said plate, saidrocker arm having a follower and carrying a relatively movable breakerpoint, a relatively fixed breaker point, means mounting said relativelyfixed breaker point from said. platesubstantially in opposition to saidrelatively movable breaker point for eccentric rotation about the axisof said relatively movable point, a ratchet wheel for rotating saidrelatively fixed breaker point eccentrically from time to time, a pawlengaging said ratchet wheel for rotating said wheel from time to time,an arm pivotally mounted on said breaker plate and carrying said pawl,spring means biasing said arm to advance said pawl against said ratchetwheel to effect eccentric rotation of said relatively fixed breakerpoint, means for cocking and releasing said spring means from time totime, and means carried by and rotatable with said distributor shafthaving a plurality of projections arcuately spaced for successiveengagement with said follower to effect making and breaking of saidbreaker points.

10. A distributor construction as set forth in claim 9 wherein the meansfor cocking and releasing the spring means comprises a vacuum sparkadvance having a link simultaneously rocking said breaker plate relativeto said housing and effecting pivoting movement of said arm against theaction of its spring means.

11. A distributor construction as set forth in claim 10 and furtherincluding a centrifugal spark advance mechanism for advancing the meanscarrying the follower engaging members relative to the distributorshaft.

' 12. A distributor construction as set forth in claim 11 wherein thefollower engaging-members comprise a plurality of rollers spacedoutwardly of the breaker points radially of the distributor housing.

References Cited in the file of'this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS1,061,613 Horold May 13, 1913 1,698,710 Bohlman Jan. 15, 1929 1,768,549Fekete July 1, 1930 2,079,145 Arthur May 4, 1937 2,127,957 Ives et alAug. 23, 1938 2,306,549 Louis Dec. 29, 1942 1,528,687 Brownlee et a1Nov. 7, 1950 2,569,991 Hofrnann Oct. 2, 1951 2,605,368 Scott July 29,1952

